Method and system for a signaling connection release indication

ABSTRACT

A method and system for processing a signaling connection release indication between user equipment and a wireless network, the method comprising the steps of: monitoring, at the user equipment, whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; appending, at the user equipment, a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; sending the appended signaling connection release indication to the wireless network; receiving the signaling connection release indication at the wireless network; and filtering said cause to determine whether to raise an alarm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present invention claims the priority of provisional patent application No. 60/956,785, filed on 20 Aug. 2007 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/464,380, filed on 14 Aug. 2006, and which claimed the priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/747,466, filed on 17 May 2006 on the contents of all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE APPLICATION

The present application relates to radio resource control in a wireless network, and in particular to the release of an existing signaling connection between User Equipment (UE) and a wireless network such as, for example, a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network.

BACKGROUND

A Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a broadband, packet based system for the transmission of text, digitized voice, video and multi-media. It is a highly subscribed to standard for third generation and is generally based on Wideband Coded Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA).

In a UMTS network, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) part of the protocol stack is responsible for the assignment, configuration and release of radio resources between the UE and the UTRAN. This RRC protocol is described in detail in the 3GPP TS 25.331 specifications. Two basic modes that the UE can be in are defined as “idle mode” and “UTRA connected mode”. UTRA stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access. In idle mode, the UE is required to request a RRC connection whenever it wants to send any user data or in response to a page whenever the UTRAN or the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) pages it to receive data from an external data network such as a push server. Idle and Connected mode behaviors are described in details in 3GPP specifications TS 25.304 and TS 25.331.

When in a UTRA RRC connected mode, the device can be in one of four states. These are:

CELL-DCH: A dedicated channel is allocated to the UE in uplink and downlink in this state to exchange data. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331. CELL_FACH: no dedicated channel is allocated to the user equipment in this state. Instead, common channels are used to exchange a small amount of bursty data. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. CELL_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. The UE must perform the CELL UPDATE procedure after cell reselection. URA_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331 including the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. This state is similar to CELL_PCH, except that URA UPDATE procedure is only triggered via UTRAN Registration Area (URA) reselection.

The transition from an idle to the connected mode and vise-versa is controlled by the UTRAN. When an idle mode UE requests an RRC connection, the network decides whether to move the UE to the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state. When the UE is in an RRC connected mode, again it is the network that decides when to release the RRC connection. The network may also move the UE from one RRC state to another prior to releasing the connection or in some cases instead of releasing the connection. The state transitions are typically triggered by data activity or inactivity between the UE and network. Since the network may not know when the UE has completed data exchange for a given application, it typically keeps the RRC connection for some time in anticipation of more data to/from the UE. This is typically done to reduce the latency of call set-up and subsequent radio bearer setup. The RRC connection release message can only be sent by the UTRAN. This message releases the signal link connection and all radio bearers between the UE and the UTRAN.

The problem with the above is that even if an application on the UE has completed its data transaction and is not expecting any further data exchange, it still waits for the network to move it to the correct state. The network may not be even aware of the fact that the application on the UE has completed its data exchange. For example, an application on the UE may use its own acknowledgement-based protocol to exchange data with its application server which is connected to the UMTS core network. Examples are applications that run over UDP/IP implementing their own guaranteed delivery. In such a case, the UE knows whether the application server has sent or received all the data packets or not and is in a better position to determine if any further data exchange is to take place and hence decide when to terminate the RRC connection associated with Packet Service (PS) domain. Since the UTRAN controls when the RRC connected state is changed to a different state or into an idle mode, and the fact that UTRAN is not aware of the status of data delivery between the UE and external server, the UE is forced to stay in a higher data rate and intensive battery state than the required state or mode, thereby draining battery life. This also results in wasting network resources due to the fact the radio bearer resources are unnecessarily kept occupied.

One solution to the above is to have the UE send a signaling release indication to the UTRAN when the UE realizes that it is finished with data transaction. Pursuant to section 8.1.14.3 of the 3GPP TS 25.331 specification, the UTRAN may release the signaling connection upon receipt of the signaling release indication from the UE, causing the UE to transition to an idle mode. A problem with the above is that the signaling release indication may be considered an alarm. A network typically only expects the signaling release indication when a GMM service request failure, a RAU failure, or a attach failure occur. The raising of an alarm when the UE request signaling release results in inefficient performance monitoring and alarm monitoring at the network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present application will be better understood with reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing RRC states and transitions;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a UMTS network showing various UMTS cells and a URA;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the various stages in an RRC connection setup;

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH connected mode state and an idle mode initiated by the UTRAN according to current method;

FIG. 4B is a block diagram showing an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH state connected mode transition to an idle mode utilizing signaling release indications;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCH inactivity to a CELL_FACH inactivity to an idle mode initiated by the UTRAN;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between CELL_DCH inactivity and an idle mode utilizing signaling release indications;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a UMTS protocol stack;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary UE that can be used in association with the present method;

FIG. 8 is an exemplary network for use in association with the present method and system;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing the steps of adding a cause for a signaling connection release indication at the UE; and

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing the steps taken by a UE upon receipt of a signaling connection release indication having a cause.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The examples and embodiments provided below describe various methods and systems to release an existing signaling connection between a mobile device or User Equipment (UE) and a wireless network such as, for example, a UMTS network. It is to be understood that other implementations in other types of networks are also possible. For example, the same teachings could also be applied to a Code-Division-Multiple-Access (CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP2 IS-2000), Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP UMTS/High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)) network or by way of generalization, to any network based on radio access technologies that utilize network-controlled radio resources or that does not maintain any knowledge of the status of UE application level data exchanges. The specific examples and implementations described below although presented for simplicity in relation to UMTS networks are also applicable to these other network environments.

In some UMTS implementations, the present system and method provide for the transitioning from an RRC connected mode to a more battery efficient state or mode while ensuring the network does not consider a signaling release indication to be an alarm if the cause of the signaling release indication is a UE idle transition request. In particular, the present method and apparatus provide for transitioning based on either the UE initiating termination of a signaling connection for a specified core network domain or indicating to the UTRAN that a transition should occur from one connected state to another. As noted above, the following description shall be described with respect to the exemplary implementation of a UMTS. It should be understood, however, that the teachings of the present disclosure are analogously applicable to other radio communication systems.

In a UMTS network environment, if an application on the UE determines that it is done with the exchange of data, it can send a “done” indication to the “RRC connection manager” component of UE software. The RRC connection manager keeps track of all existing applications (including those providing a service over one or multiple protocols), associated Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts, associated packet switched (PS) radio bearers and associated circuit switched (CS) radio bearers. A PDP Context is a logical association between a ULE and PDN (Public Data Network) running across a UMTS core network. One or multiple applications (e.g. an e-mail application and a browser application) on the UE may be associated with one PDP context. In some cases, one application on the UE is associated with one primary PDP context and multiple applications may be tied with secondary PDP contexts. The RRC Connection Manager receives “done” indications from different applications on the UE that are simultaneously active. For example, user may receive an e-mail from a push server while browsing the web. After the e-mail application has sent an acknowledgment, it may indicate that it has completed its data transaction, however, the browser application may not send such indication. Based on a composite status of such indications from active applications, UE software can decide how long it should wait before it can initiate a signaling connection release of the core network packet service domain. A delay in this case can be introduced to ensure that the application is truly finished with data exchange and does not require an RRC connection. The delay can be dynamic based on traffic history and/or application profiles. Whenever the RRC connection manager determines that with some probability that no application is expected to exchange any data, it can send a signaling connection release indication procedure for the appropriate domain (e.g. PS domain). Alternatively it can send a request for state transition within connected mode to the UTRAN.

The above decision may also take into account whether network supports URA_PCH state and the transition behavior to this state.

The UE initiated transition to idle mode can happen from any state of the RRC connected mode and ends up having the network release the RRC connection and moving to idle mode. The UE being in idle mode, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, is much less battery intensive than the UE being in a connected state.

The sending of the signaling release indication however can cause the network to consider that an alarm has occurred. In the case that the signaling release indication is a result of the RRC determining that no traffic is expected, in a preferred embodiment the network can distinguish the fact that the signaling release indication is a result of a requested idle transition as opposed to an abnormal condition. This distinction allows indicators such as the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to be more accurate, thereby improving performance monitoring and alarm monitoring.

The present method allows the UE to append, to an existing signaling release indication, a field providing the cause for the signaling release indication. The network may then use the appended field to filter true alarm conditions from situations in which a UE has requested to be put into an idle state because it is expecting no further data. This improves the efficiency of alarm and performance monitoring, while still allowing the UE to save battery resources by moving into an idle mode more quickly.

The present application therefore provides a method for processing signaling release indication cause between user equipment and a wireless network, comprising the steps of: monitoring, at the user equipment, whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; appending, at the user equipment, a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; sending the appended signaling connection release indication to the wireless network; receiving the signaling connection release indication at the wireless network; and filtering said cause to determine whether to raise an alarm

The present application further provides a system adapted for processing signaling release indication cause, the system comprising: user equipment, the user equipment having a radio subsystem including a radio adapted to communicate with the UMTS network; a radio processor having a digital signal processor and adapted to interact with said radio subsystem; memory; a user interface; a processor adapted to run user applications and interact with the memory, the radio and the user interface and adapted to run applications, the user equipment characterized by having means for: monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and sending the appended signaling connection release indication to the wireless network; and a wireless network adapted to communicate with the user equipment and further characterized by means for: receiving the signaling connection release indication; and filtering said cause to determine whether to raise an alarm.

The present application still further provides a method for processing signaling release indication cause at user equipment for improved alarm tracking at a wireless network, comprising the steps of: monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and sending the appended signaling connection release indication to the wireless network, wherein said wireless network is provided with an indication of the cause of the signaling connection release indication.

The present application still further provides apparatus for user equipment to facilitate release of a signaling connection. A checker is configured to check whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent. A signaling connection release indication sender is configured to send a signaling connection release indication responsive to indication by the checker that the signaling connection release indication by the checker that the signaling connection release indication should be sent. The signaling connection release indication includes a signaling release indication cause field.

The present application still further provides network apparatus for operating upon a signaling connection release indication. An examiner is configured to examine a signaling release indication cause field of the signaling connection release indication. The examiner checks whether the signaling release indication cause field indicates an abnormal condition. An alarm generator is configured selectably to generate an alarm if examination by the examiner determines that the signaling release indication cause field indicates the abnormal condition.

The present application yet further provides a user equipment adapted for providing signaling release indication cause in a UMTS network, the user equipment having a radio subsystem including a radio adapted to communicate with the UMTS network; a radio processor having a digital signal processor and adapted to interact with said radio subsystem; memory; a user interface; a processor adapted to run user applications and interact with the memory, the radio and the user interface and adapted to run applications, the user equipment characterized by having means for: monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and sending the appended signaling connection release indication to the wireless network, wherein said wireless network is provided with an indication of the cause of the signaling connection release indication.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the various modes and states for the radio resource control portion of a protocol stack in a UMTS network. In particular, the RRC can be either in an RRC idle state 110 or an RRC connected state 120.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a UMTS network consists of two land-based network segments. These are the Core Network (CN) and the Universal Terrestrial Radio-Access Network (UTRAN) (as illustrated in FIG. 8). The Core Network is responsible for the switching and routing of data calls and data connections to the external networks while the UTRAN handles all radio related functionalities.

In idle mode 110, the UE must request an RRC connection to set up the radio resource whenever data needs to be exchanged between the UE and the network. This can be as a result of either an application on the UE requiring a connection to send data, or as a result of the UE monitoring a paging channel to indicate whether the UTRAN or SGSN has paged the UE to receive data from an external data network such as a push server. In addition, UE also requests RRC connection whenever it needs to send Mobility Management signaling messages such as Location Area Update.

Once the UE has sent a request to the UTRAN to establish a radio connection, the UTRAN chooses a state for the RRC connection to be in. Specifically, the RRC connected mode 120 includes four separate states. These are CELL_DCH state 122, CELL_FACH state 124, CELL_PCH state 126 and URA_PCH state 128.

From idle mode 110 the RRC connected state can either go to the Cell Dedicated Channel (CELL_DCH) state 122 or the Cell Forward Access Channel (CELL_FACH) state 124.

In CELL_DCH state 122, a dedicated channel is allocated to the UE for both uplink and downlink to exchange data. This state, since it has a dedicated physical channel allocated to the UE, typically requires the most battery power from the UE.

Alternatively, the UTRAN can move from idle mode 110 to a CELL_FACH state 124. In a CELL_FACH state no dedicated channel is allocated to the UE. Instead, common channels are used to send signaling in a small amount of bursty data. However, the UE still has to continuously monitor the FACH, and therefore it consumes battery power.

Within the RRC connected mode 120, the RRC state can be changed at the discretion of the UTRAN. Specifically, if data inactivity is detected for a specific amount of time or data throughput below a certain threshold is detected, the UTRAN may move the RRC state from CELL_DCH state 122 to the CELL_FACH state 124, CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCH state 128. Similarly, if the payload is detected to be above a certain threshold then the RRC state can be moved from CELL_FACH 124 to CELL_DCH 122.

From CELL_FACH state 124, if data inactivity is detected for predetermined time in some networks, the UTRAN can move the RRC state from CELL_FACH state 124 to a paging channel (PCH) state. This can be either the CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCH state 128.

From CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCH state 128 the UE must move to CELL_FACH state 124 in order to initiate an update procedure to request a dedicated channel. This is the only state transition that the UE controls.

CELL_PCH state 126 and URA_PCH state 128 use a discontinuous reception cycle (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages and pages by a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity is possible.

The difference between CELL_PCH state 126 and URA_PCH state 128 is that the URA_PCH state only triggers a URA Update procedure if the UEs current UTRAN registration area (URA) is not among the list of URA identities present in the current cell. Specifically, reference is made to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows an illustration of various UMTS cells 210, 212 and 214. All of these cells require a cell update procedure if reselected to a CELL_PCH state. However, in a UTRAN registration area, each will be within the same UTRAN registration area 220, and thus a URA update procedure is not triggered when moving between 210, 212 and 214 when in a URA_PCH mode.

As seen in FIG. 2, other cells 218 are outside the URA 220, and can be part of a separate URA or no URA.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, from a battery life perspective the idle state provides the lowest battery usage compared with the states above. Specifically, because the UE is required to monitor the paging channel only at intervals, the radio does not need to continuously be on, but will instead wake up periodically. The trade-off for this is the latency to send data. However, if this latency is not too great, the advantages of being in the idle mode and saving battery power outweigh the disadvantages of the connection latency.

Reference is again made to FIG. 1. Various UMTS infrastructure vendors move between states 122, 124, 126 and 128 based on various criteria. Exemplary infrastructures are outlined below.

In a first exemplary infrastructure, the RRC moves between an idle mode and a Cell_DCH state directly. In the Cell_DCH state, if two seconds of inactivity are detected, the RRC state changes to a Cell_FACH state 124. If, in Cell_FACH state 124, ten seconds of inactivity are detected then the RRC state changes to PCH state 126. Forty five minutes of inactivity in Cell_PCH states 126 will result in the RRC state moving back to idle mode 110.

In a second exemplary infrastructure, RRC transition can occur between an idle mode 110 and connected mode 120 depending on a payload threshold. In the second infrastructure, if the payload is below a certain threshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state 124. Conversely, if the data is above a certain payload threshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state a CELL_DCH state 122. In the second infrastructure, if two minutes of inactivity are detected in CELL_DCH state 122, the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state 124. After five minutes of inactivity in the CELL-FACH state 124, the UTRAN moves the RRC stage to CELL_PCH state 126. In CELL_PCH state 126, two hours of inactivity are required before moving back to idle mode 110.

In a third exemplary infrastructure, movement between idle mode and connected mode 120 is always to CELL_DCH state 122. After five seconds of inactivity in CELL_DCH state 122 the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state 124. Thirty seconds of inactivity in CELL_FACH state 124 results in the movement back to idle mode 110.

In a fourth exemplary infrastructure the RRC transitions from an idle mode to a connected mode directly into a CELL_DCH state 122. In the fourth exemplary infrastructure, CELL_DCH state 122 includes two sub-states. The first includes a sub-state which has a high data rate and a second sub-state includes a lower data rate, but still within the CELL_DCH state. In the fourth exemplary infrastructure, the RRC transitions from idle mode 110 directly into the high data rate CELL_DCH sub-state. After 10 seconds of inactivity the RRC state transitions to a low data rate CELL_DCH state. Seventeen seconds of inactivity from the low data CELL_DCH state 122 result in the RRC state changing it to idle mode 110.

The above four exemplary infrastructure shows how various UMTS infrastructure vendors are implementing the states. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in each case, if the time spent on exchanging actual data (such as an email) is significantly short compared to the time that is required to stay in the CELL_DCH or the CELL_FACH states, this causes unnecessary current drain which makes user experience in newer generation networks such as UMTS worse than in prior generation networks such as GPRS.

Further, although the CELL_PCH state is more optimal than the CELL_FACH state from a battery life perspective, the DRX cycle in a CELL_PCH state is typically set to a lower value than the idle mode 110. As a result, the UE is required to wake up more frequently in the CELL_PCH state than in an idle mode.

The URA_PCH state with a DRX cycle similar to that of the idle state is likely the optimal trade up between battery life and latency for connection. However, URA_PCH is currently not supported in the UTRAN. It is therefore desirable to quickly transition to the idle mode as quickly as possible after an application is finished with the data exchange from a battery life perspective.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3. When transitioning from an idle mode to a connected mode various signaling and data connections need to be made. Referring to FIG. 3, the first item needing to be performed is an RRC connection set-up. As indicated above, this RRC connection setup can only be torn down by the UTRAN.

Once RRC connection setup 310 is accomplished, a signaling connection setup 312 is started.

Once signaling setup 312 is finished, a ciphering and integrity setup 314 is started. Upon completion of this, a radio bearer setup 316 is accomplished. At this point, data can be exchanged between the UE and UTRAN.

Tearing down a connection is similarly accomplished in the reverse order, in general. The radio bearer setup 316 is taken down and then the RRC connection setup 310 is taken down. At this point, the RRC moves into idle mode 110 as illustrated in FIG. 1.

Although the current 3GPP specification does not allow the UE to release the RRC connection or indicate its preference for RRC state, the UE can still indicate termination of a signaling connection for a specified core network domain such as the Packet Switched (PS) domain used by packet-switched applications. According to section 8.1.14.1 of 3GPP TS 25.331; the signaling connection release indication procedure is used by the UE to indicate to the UTRAN that one of its signaling connections has been released. This procedure may in turn initiate the RRC connection release procedure.

Thus staying within the current 3GPP specifications, signaling connection release may be initiated upon the tearing down of the signaling connection setup 312. It is within the ability of the UE to tear down signaling connection setup 312, and this in turn according to the specification “may” initiate the RRC connection release.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if signaling connection setup 312 is torn down, the UTRAN will also need to clean up deciphering and integrity setup 312 radio bearer setup 316 after the signaling connection setup 312 has been torn down.

If signaling connections setup 312 is torn down, the RRC connection setup is typically brought down by the network for current vendor infrastructures.

Using the above, if the UE determines that it is done with the exchange of data, for example if a “RRC connection manager” component of the UE software is provided with an indication that the exchange of data is complete, then the RRC connection manager may determine whether or not to tear down the signaling connection setup 312. For example, an email application on the device sends an indication that it has received an acknowledgement from the push email server that the email was indeed received by the push server. The RRC manager can keep track of all existing applications, associated PDP contexts, associated PS radio bearers and associated circuit switched (CS) radio bearers. A delay in this case can be introduced to ensure that the application is truly finished with data exchange and no longer requires an RRC connection even after it has sent the “done” indication. This delay is equivalent to inactivity timeout associated with the application. Each application can have its own inactivity timeout. For example, an email application can have an inactivity timeout of five seconds, whereas an active browser application can have a timeout of sixty seconds. Based on a composite status of all such indications from active applications, the ULE software decides how long it should wait before it can initiate a signaling connection release of the appropriate core network (e.g. PS Domain).

The inactivity timeout can be made dynamic based on a traffic pattern history and/or application profile.

Whenever the RRC connection manager determines with some probability that no application is expecting the exchange of data, it can send a signaling connection release indication procedure for the appropriate domain.

The above UE initiated transition to idle mode can happen in any stage of the RRC connected mode 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1 and ends up having the network release the RRC connection and moving to a idle mode 110 as illustrated in FIG. 1. This is also applicable when the UE is performing any packet data services during a voice call. In this case only the PS domain is released, but the CS domain remains connected.

A problem from the network perspective for the above is that the signaling release indication sent by the UE is interpreted as an alarm. In the case where the signaling network release is a result of an explicit action by the UE due to an application timer expiring and thus no further expectation of data, the alarm caused by the above indication skews performance and alarm indications. Key performance indicators might be altered by this, leading to a loss of efficiency.

Preferably, a cause could be added to the signaling connection release indication indicating to the UTRAN the reason for the indication. In a preferred embodiment, the cause could be an indication that an abnormal state caused the indication or that the indication was initiated by the UE as a result of a requested idle transition. Other normal (i.e. non-abnormal) transactions could also result in the sending of the signaling connection release indication.

In a further preferred embodiment, various timeouts can cause a signaling connection indication to be sent for an abnormal condition. The examples of timers below is not exhaustive, and other timers or abnormal conditions are possible. For example, 10.2.47 3GPP TS 24.008 specifies timer T3310 as:

TIMER T3310 ON THE TIMER TIMER 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th) NUM. VALUE STATE CAUSE OF START NORMAL STOP EXPIRY Note 3 T3310 15 s GMM- ATTACH REQ sent ATTACH ACCEPT received Retransmission of REG- ATTACH REJECT received ATTACH REQ INIT

This timer is used to indicate an attachment failure. The failure to attach could be a result of the network or could be a radio frequency (RF) problem such as a collision or bad RF.

The attachment attempt could occur multiple times, and an attachment failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection.

A second timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3330, which is specified as:

TIMER T3330 ON THE TIMER TIMER 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th) NUM. VALUE STATE CAUSE OF START NORMAL STOP EXPIRY Note 3 T3330 15 s GMM- ROUTING AREA ROUTING AREA UPDATE Retransmission of ROUTING- UPDATE REQUEST ACC received the ROUTING UPDATING- sent ROUTING AREA UPDATE AREA UPDATE INITIATED REJ received REQUEST message

This timer is used to indicate a routing area update failure. Upon expiry of the timer, a further routing area update could be requested multiple times and a routing area update failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection.

A third timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3340, which is specified as:

TIMER T3340 ON THE TIMER TIMER 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th) NUM. VALUE STATE CAUSE OF START NORMAL STOP EXPIRY Note 3 T3340 10 s GMM- ATTACH REJ, PS signalling Release the PS (Iu mode REG-INIT DETACH REQ, connection signalling only) GMM-DEREG-INIT ROUTING AREA released connection and GMM-RA- UPDATE REJ or proceed as UPDATING-INT SERVICE REJ with described in GMM-SERV-REQ- any of the causes #11, subclause 4.7.1.9 INIT (Iu mode only) #12, #13 or #15. GMM-ATTEMPTING- ATTACH ACCEPT or TO-UPDATE-MM ROUTING AREA GMM-REG- UPDATE ACCEPT is NORMAL-SERVICE received with “no follow-on proceed” indication.

This timer is used to indicate a GMM service request failure. Upon expiry of the timer, a further GMM service request could be initiated multiple times and a GMM service request failure results from either a predetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection.

Thus, instead of a signaling release indication cause limited to an abnormal condition and a release by the UE, the signaling release indication cause could further include information about which timer failed for an abnormal condition. A signaling connection release indication could be structured as:

SIGNALING CONNECTION RELEASE INDICATION Information IE type and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multi reference description Message Type MP Message type UE Information Elements Integrity check info CH Integrity check info 10.3.3.16 CN information elements CN domain identity MP CN domain identity 10.3.1.1 Signaling Release OP Signaling t3310 timeout, Indication Cause Release t3330 timeout, Indication t3340 timeout, Cause UE Requested Idle Transition

This message is used by the UE to indicate to the UTRAN the release of an existing signaling connection. The addition of the signaling release indication cause allows the UTRAN or other network element to receive the cause of the signaling release indication, whether it was due to an abnormal condition, and what the abnormal condition was. And, an RRC connection release procedure is, in turn, permitted to be initiated.

In one implementation, the UE, upon receiving a request to release, or abort, a signaling connection from upper layers for a specific CN (core network) domain initiate the signaling connection release indication procedure if a signaling connection as identified in a variable, e.g., a variable ESTABLISHED_SIGNALING_CONNECTIONS, for the specific CN domain identified with the IE (information element) “CN domain identity” exists. If the variable does not identify any existing signaling connection, any ongoing establishment of signaling connection for that specific CN domain is aborted in another manner. And, upon initiation of the signaling connection release indication procedures in the Cell_PCH or URA_PCH states, the UE performs a cell update procedure using a cause “uplink data transmission”. And, when a cell update procedure is completed successfully, the UE continues with the signaling connection release indication procedures that follow.

Namely, the UE sets the IE “CN domain identity” to the value indicated by upper logical layers. The value of the IE indicates the CN domain whose associated signaling connection the associated signaling connection that the upper layers are indicating to be released. If the CN domain identity is set to the PS domain, and if the upper layer indicates the cause to initiate this request, then the IE “signaling release indication cause” is accordingly set. The UE further removes the signaling connection with the identity indicated by upper layers from the variable “established_signaling_connections”. And, the UE transmits a signaling connection release indication message on, e.g., the DCCH using AM RLC. Upon confirmation of successful delivery of the release indication message by the RLC, the procedure ends.

An IE “Signaling Release Indication Cause is also used pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The release cause is aligned, for instance, with existing message definitions. The upper layer release cause message is structured, e.g., as:

Information IE type and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multi reference description Signaling Release MP Enumerated (UE Indication Cause Requested PS Data session end, T3310 expiry, T3330 expiry, T3340 expiry) In this example, the T3310, T330, and T3340 expiries correspond to expiration of correspondingly-numbered timers identified previously. A cause value is settable, in one implementation, as a “UE Requested PS Data session end” rather than a “UE Requested idle transition” to provide for the UTRAN to decide upon the state transition, although the expected result corresponds to that identified by the cause value. The extension to the signaling connection release indication is preferably, but not necessarily, a non-critical extension.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an exemplary UE monitoring whether or not to send a signaling connection release indication for various domains (e.g. PS or CS). The process starts in step 910.

The UE transitions to step 912 in which it checks to see whether an abnormal condition exists. Such an abnormal condition can include, for example, timer T3310, timer T3320, or timer T3340 expiring as described above. If these timers expire a certain predetermined number of times or if an explicit rejection is received based on the expiry of any of these timers, the UE proceeds to step 914 in which is sends a signaling connection release indication. The signaling connection release indication message is appended with a signaling release indication cause field. The signaling release indication cause field includes at least that the signaling release indication is based on an abnormal condition or state and a preferred embodiment includes the specific timer that timed out to result in the abnormal condition.

Conversely, if in steps 912 the UE finds that no abnormal condition exists, the UE proceeds to step 920 in which it checks whether further data is expected at the UE. This can, as described above, include when an email is sent and confirmation of the sending of the email is received back at the UE. Other examples of where the UE will determine that no further data is expected would be known to those skilled in the art.

If in step 920 the UE determines that the data transfer is finished (or in the case of a circuit switched domain that a call is finished) the UE proceeds to step 922 in which it sends a signaling connection release indication in which the signaling release indication cause field has been added and includes the fact that the UE requested an idle transition.

From step 920, if the data is not finished the UE loops back and continues to check whether an abnormal condition exists in step 912 and whether the data is finished in step 920.

Once the signaling connection release indication is sent in step 914 or step 922, the process proceeds to step 930 and ends.

The UE includes functional elements, implementable, for instance, by applications or algorithms carried out through operation of a UE microprocessor or by hardware implementation, that form a checker and a signaling connection release indication sender. The checker is configured to check whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent. And, a signaling connection release indication sender is configured to send a signaling connection release indication responsive to indication by the checker that the signaling connection release indication should be sent. The signaling connection release indication includes a signaling release indication cause field.

In one implementation, the network is, instead, implicitly made aware of timing out of a timer, and the UE need not send a cause value indicating the timing out of the timer. That is to say, the timer starts timing upon authorization of the network. Cause codes are defined, and the cause codes are provided by the network to the UE. Such cause codes are used by the UE to initiate the timer. And, the network is implicitly aware of the reason for subsequent timing out of the timer as the cause code earlier sent by the network causes the timer to time. And, as a result, the UE need not send a cause value indicating the timing out of the timer.

As suggested by FIG. 9 as well as the foregoing description, a cause is includable and sent together with, a signaling connection release to indicate: 1.) an abnormal condition as well as 2.) a normal condition (not an abnormal condition such as for example a request for a PS data session end and/or a transition to an idle mode)). In various implementations, therefore, operations at the UE provides for the adding of the cause to the signaling connection release to indicate an abnormal condition, or, alternately, to indicate request of an idle transition or of a PS data session end, i.e., normal operation. Such operation, of course, also includes UE operation in which a cause is added to the signaling connection release only when an indication of an abnormal condition is to be made. And, conversely, such operation also includes UE operation in which a cause is added to a signaling connection release only to indicate normal, i.e., non-abnormal, operations and transactions. That is to say, with respect to FIG. 9, in such alternate, included operation, if, at step 912, an abnormal condition exists, the yes branch is taken to the step 914 while, if an abnormal condition does not exist, then the UE proceeds directly to the end step 930. Conversely, in the other such alternate, included operation, subsequent to the start step 912 a path is taken directly to the data finished step 920. If the data is finished, the yes branch is taken to the step 920 and, thereafter, to the step 930. If the data is not finished at the step 920, the no branch is taken back to the same step, i.e., step 920.

Referring to FIG. 10, when a network element receives the signaling connection release indication in step 1010 the network element examines the signaling release indication cause field in step 1014 if present and in step 1016 checks whether the cause is an abnormal cause or whether it is due to the UE requesting a PS data session end and/or an idle transition. If in step 1016 the signaling connection release indication is of abnormal cause, the network node proceeds to step 1020 in which an alarm is noted for performance monitoring and alarm monitoring purposes. The key performance indicator can be updated appropriately.

Conversely, if in step 1016 the signaling connection release indication is not a result of an abnormal condition, or in other words is a result of the UE requesting a PS data session end and/or an idle transition, the network node proceeds to step 1030 in which no alarm is raised and the indication can be filtered from the performance statistics, thereby preventing the performance statistics from being skewed. From step 1020 or step 1030, the network node proceeds to step 1040 in which the process ends.

As suggested above, in some implementations, the absence of a cause in a signaling connection release indication may also be used to determine whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition and whether an alarm must be raised. For example, if a cause is added only to denote normal conditions (ie. non-abnormal such as for e.g. a request for PS data session end and/or transition to idle mode), and the network element receives a signaling connection release indication with no cause added, the network element may infer from the absence of a cause that the signaling connection release indication is a result of an abnormal condition and raise an alarm. Conversely, in another example, if a cause is added only to denote abnormal conditions, and the network element receives a signaling connection release indication with no cause, the network element may infer from the absence of a cause that the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal condition (e.g. request for PS data session end and/or transition to idle mode) and not raise an alarm.

The reception and examination of the signaling release indication cause field if present is followed with initiation by the network element of an RRC connection release procedure. And, the packet switched data connection ends.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, step 1020 can be used to further distinguish between various alarm conditions. For example, a T3310 time out could be used to keep a first set of statistics and a T3330 time out could be used to keep a second set of statistics. Step 1020 can distinguish between the causes of the abnormal condition, thereby allowing the network operator to track performance more efficiently.

The network includes functional elements, implementable, for instance, by applications or algorithms carried out through operation of a processor or by hardware implementation, that form an examiner and an alarm generator. The examiner is configured to examine a signaling release indication cause field of the signaling connection release indication. The examiner checks whether the signaling release indication cause field indicates an abnormal condition. The alarm generator is configured selectably to generate an alarm if examination by the examiner determines the signal release indication cause field indicates the abnormal condition. In addition, the network element may further include an initiator to initiate or cause the release of signaling connection(s).

In one implementation, upon reception of the signaling connection release indication, the UTRAN forwards the cause that is received and requests, from upper layers, for release of the signaling connection. The upper layers then are able to initiate the release of the signaling connection. The IE signaling release indication cause indicates the UE's upper layer cause to trigger the RRC of the UE to send the message. The cause is possibly the result of an abnormal upper layer procedure. Differentiation of the cause of the message is assured through successful reception of the IE.

A possible scenario includes a scenario in which, prior to confirmation, by the RLC, of successful delivery of the signaling connection release indication message, reestablishment of the transmitting side of the RLC entity on the signaling radio bearer RB2 occurs. In the event of such an occurrence, the UE retransmits the signaling connection release indication message, e.g., on the uplink DCCH using AM RLC on signaling radio bearer RB2. In the event that an enter-RAT handover from performance of a UTRAN procedure occurs prior to successful delivery of confirmation, by the RLC, of the successful delivery of the signaling connection release indication message, the UE aborts the signaling connection while in the new RAT.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in some cases it may be more desirable to be in the connected mode state URA_PCH than in idle mode. For example, if the latency for connection to the CELL_DCH or the CELL_FACH connected mode states is required to be lower, it is preferable to be in a connected mode PCH state. There are two ways of accomplishing this. First is by changing the 3GPP specifications to allow for the UE to request the UTRAN move it to a specific state, in this case the URA_PCH state 128.

Alternatively, the RRC connection manager may take into account other factors such as what state the RRC connection is currently in. If, for example, the RRC connection is in the URA_PCH state it may decide that it is unnecessary to move to idle mode 110 and thus no Signaling connection release procedure is initiated.

Reference is made to FIG. 4. FIG. 4A shows a current UMTS implementation according to the infrastructure “four” example above. As illustrated in FIG. 4, time is across the horizontal axes.

The UE starts in RRC idle state 110 and based on local data needing to be transmitted or a page received from the UTRAN, starts to establish an RRC connection.

As illustrated in FIG. 4A, RRC connection setup 310 occurs first, and the RRC state is a connecting state 410 during this time.

Next, signaling connections setup 312, ciphering an integrity setup 314, and radio bearer setup 316 occurs. The RRC state is CELL_DCH state 122 during this. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the time for moving from RRC idle to the time that the radio bearer is setup is approximately two seconds in this example.

Data is next exchanged. In the example FIG. 4A this is achieved in about two to four seconds and is illustrated by step 420.

After data is exchanged in step 420, no data is being exchanged except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required and thus the radio bearer is reconfigured by the network to move into a lower data rate DCH state after approximately ten seconds. This is illustrated in steps 422 and 424.

In the lower data rate DCH state nothing is received for seventeen seconds, at which point the RRC connection is released by the network in step 428.

Once the RRC connection is initiated in step 428, the RRC state proceeds to a disconnecting state 430 for approximately forty milliseconds, after which the UE is in a RRC idle state 110.

Also illustrated in FIG. 4A, the UE current consumption is illustrated for the period in which the RRC is in CELL_DCH state 122. As seen, the current consumption is approximately 200 to 300 milliamps for the entire duration of the CELL_DCH state. During disconnect and idle, about 3 milliamps are utilized, assuming a DRX cycle of 1.28 seconds. However, the 35 seconds of current consumption at 200 to 300 milliamps is draining on the battery.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4B. FIG. 4B utilizes the same exemplary infrastructure “four” from above, only now implementing the signaling connection release

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the same setup steps 310, 312, 314 and 316 occur and this takes the same amount of time when moving between RRC idle state 110 and RRC CELL_DCH state 122.

Further, the RRC data PDU exchange for the exemplary email of FIG. 4A is also done at FIG. 4B and this takes approximately two to four seconds.

The UE in the example of FIG. 4B has an application specific inactivity timeout, which in the example of FIG. 4B is two seconds and is illustrated by step 440. After the RRC connection manager has determined that there is inactivity for the specific amount of time, the UE releases the signaling connection setup in step 442 and the RRC connection is released by the network in step 428.

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the current consumption during the CELL_DCH step 122 is still about 200 to 300 milliamps. However, the connection time is only about eight seconds. As will appreciated by those skilled in the art, the considerably shorter amount of time that the mobile stays in the cell DCH state 122 results in significant battery savings for an always on UE device.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows a second example using the infrastructure indicated above as Infrastructure “three”. As with FIGS. 4A and 4B, a connection setup occurs which takes approximately two seconds. This requires the RRC connection setup 310, the signaling connection setup 312, the ciphering and integrity setup 314 and the radio bearer setup 316.

During this setup, the UE moves from RRC idle mode 110 to a CELL_DCH state 122 with a RRC state connecting step 410 in between.

As with FIG. 4A, in FIG. 5A RLC data PDU exchange occurs, and in the example of FIG. 5A takes two to four seconds.

According to the infrastructure three, RLC signaling PDU exchange receives no data and thus is idle for period of five seconds in step 422, except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required, at which point the radio bearer reconfigures the network to move into a CELL_FACH state 124 from CELL_DCH state 122. This is done in step 450.

In the CELL_FACH state 124, the RLC signaling PDU exchange finds that there is no data except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required for a predetermined amount of time, in this case thirty seconds, at which point a RRC connection release by network is performed in step 428.

As seen in FIG. 5A, this moves the RRC state to idle mode 110.

As further seen in FIG. 5A, the current consumption during the DCH mode is between 200 and 300 milliamps. When moving into CELL_FACH state 124 the current consumption lowers to approximately 120 to 180 milliamps. After the RRC connector is released and the RRC moves into idle mode 110 the power consumption is approximately 3 milliamps.

The UTRA RRC Connected Mode state being CELL_DCH state 122 or CELL_FACH state 124 lasts for approximately forty seconds in the example of FIG. 5A.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B illustrates the same infrastructure “three” as FIG. 5A with the same connection time of about two seconds to get the RRC connection setup 310, signaling connection setup 312, ciphering integrity setup 314 and radio bearer setup 316. Further, RLC data PDU exchange 420 take approximately two to four seconds.

As with FIG. 4B, a UE application detects a specific inactivity timeout in step 440, at which point the Signaling connection release indication procedure is initiated by the UE and as a consequence the RRC connection is released by the network in step 448.

As can be seen further in FIG. 5B, the RRC starts in a idle mode 110, moves to a CELL_DCH state 122 without proceeding into the CELL_FACH state.

As will be seen further in FIG. 5B, current consumption is approximately 200 to 300 milliamps in the time that the RRC stage is in CELL_DCH state 122 which according to the example of FIG. 5 is approximate eight seconds.

Therefore, a comparison between FIGS. 4A and 4B, and FIGS. 5A and 5B shows that a significant amount of current consumption is eliminated, thereby extending the battery life of the UE significantly. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the above can further be used in the context of current 3GPP specs.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates a protocol stack for a UMTS network.

As seen in FIG. 6, the UMTS includes a CS control plane 610, PS control plane 611, and PS user plane 630

Within these three planes, a non-access stratum (NAS) portion 614 and an access stratum portion 616 exist.

NAS portion 614 in CS control plane 610 includes a call control (CC) 618, supplementary services (SS) 620, and short message service (SMS) 622.

NAS portion 614 in PS control plane 611 includes both mobility management (MM) and GPRS mobility management (GMM) 626. It further includes SM/RABM 624 and GSMS 628.

CC 618 provides for call management signaling for circuit switched services. The session management portion of SM/RABM 624 provides for PDP context activation, deactivation and modification. SM/RABM 624 also provides for quality of service negotiation.

The main function of the RABM portion of the SM/RABM 624 is to connect a PDP context to a Radio Access Bearer. Thus SM/RABM 624 is responsible for the setup, modification and release of radio bearers.

CS control plane 610 and PS control plane 611, in the access stratum 616 sit on radio resource control (RRC) 617.

NAS portion 614 in PS user plane 630 includes an application layer 638, TCP/UDP layer 636, and PDP layer 634. PDP layer 634 can, for example, include internet protocol (IP).

Access Stratum 616, in PS user plane 630 includes packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) 632. PDCP 632 is designed to make the WCDMA protocol suitable to carry TCP/IP protocol between UE and RNC (as seen in FIG. 8), and is optionally for IP traffic stream protocol header compression and decompression.

The UMTS Radio Link Control (RLC) 640 and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers 650 form the data link sub-layers of the UMTS radio interface and reside on the RNC node and the User Equipment.

The Layer 1 (L1) UMTS layer (physical layer 650) is below the RLC/MAC layers 640 and 650. This layer is the physical layer for communications.

While the above can be implemented on a variety of mobile devices, an example of one mobile device is outlined below with respect to FIG. 7. Reference is now made to FIG. 7.

UE 1100 is preferably a two-way wireless communication device having at least voice and data communication capabilities. UE 1100 preferably has the capability to communicate with other computer systems on the Internet. Depending on the exact functionality provided, the wireless device may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, a wireless e-mail device, a cellular telephone with data messaging capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, or a data communication device, as examples.

Where UE 1100 is enabled for two-way communication, it will incorporate a communication subsystem 1111, including both a receiver 1112 and a transmitter 1114, as well as associated components such as one or more, preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements 1116 and 1118, local oscillators (LOs) 1113, and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP) 1120. As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem 1111 will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate. For example, UE 1100 may include a communication subsystem 1111 designed to operate within the GPRS network or UMTS network.

Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type of network 1119. For example, In UMTS and GPRS networks, network access is associated with a subscriber or user of UE 1100. For example, a GPRS mobile device therefore requires a subscriber identity module (SIM) card in order to operate on a GPRS network. In UMTS a USIM or SIM module is required. In CDMA a RUIM card or module is required. These will be referred to as a UIM interface herein. Without a valid UIM interface, a mobile device may not be fully functional. Local or non-network communication functions, as well as legally required functions (if any) such as emergency calling, may be available, but mobile device 1100 will be unable to carry out any other functions involving communications over the network 1100. The UIM interface 1144 is normally similar to a card-slot into which a card can be inserted and ejected like a diskette or PCMCIA card. The UIM card can have approximately 64K of memory and hold many key configuration 1151, and other information 1153 such as identification, and subscriber related information.

When required network registration or activation procedures have been completed, UE 1100 may send and receive communication signals over the network 1119. Signals received by antenna 1116 through communication network 1119 are input to receiver 1112, which may perform such common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection and the like, and in the example system shown in FIG. 7, analog to digital (A/D) conversion. A/D conversion of a received signal allows more complex communication functions such as demodulation and decoding to be performed in the DSP 1120. In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding for example, by DSP 1120 and input to transmitter 1114 for digital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission over the communication network 1119 via antenna 1118. DSP 1120 not only processes communication signals, but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gains applied to communication signals in receiver 1112 and transmitter 1114 may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in DSP 1120.

Network 1119 may further communicate with multiple systems, including a server 1160 and other elements (not shown). For example, network 1119 may communicate with both an enterprise system and a web client system in order to accommodate various clients with various service levels.

UE 1100 preferably includes a microprocessor 1138 which controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least data communications, are performed through communication subsystem 1111. Microprocessor 1138 also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display 1122, flash memory 1124, random access memory (RAM) 1126, auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems 1128, serial port 1130, keyboard 1132, speaker 1134, microphone 1136, a short-range communications subsystem 1140 and any other device subsystems generally designated as 1142.

Some of the subsystems shown in FIG. 7 perform communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-device functions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard 1132 and display 1122, for example, may be used for both communication-related functions, such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or task list.

Operating system software used by the microprocessor 1138 is preferably stored in a persistent store such as flash memory 1124, which may instead be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile memory such as RAM 1126. Received communication signals may also be stored in RAM 1126. Further, a unique identifier is also preferably stored in read-only memory.

As shown, flash memory 1124 can be segregated into different areas for both computer programs 1158 and program data storage 1150, 1152, 1154 and 1156. These different storage types indicate that each program can allocate a portion of flash memory 1124 for their own data storage requirements. Microprocessor 1138, in addition to its operating system functions, preferably enables execution of software applications on the mobile device. A predetermined set of applications that control basic operations, including at least data and voice communication applications for example, will normally be installed on UE 1100 during manufacturing. A preferred software application may be a personal information manager (PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user of the mobile device such as, but not limited to, e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. Naturally, one or more memory stores would be available on the mobile device to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such PIM application would preferably have the ability to send and receive data items, via the wireless network 1119. In a preferred embodiment, the PIM data items are seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wireless network 1119, with the mobile device user's corresponding data items stored or associated with a host computer system. Further applications may also be loaded onto the mobile device 1100 through the network 1119, an auxiliary I/O subsystem 1128, serial port 1130, short-range communications subsystem 1140 or any other suitable subsystem 1142, and installed by a user in the RAM 1126 or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor 1138. Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the device and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the UE 1100. These applications will however, according to the above, in many cases need to be approved by a carrier.

In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message or web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem 1111 and input to the microprocessor 1138, which preferably further processes the received signal for output to the display 1122, or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device 1128. A user of UE 1100 may also compose data items such as email messages for example, using the keyboard 1132, which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display 1122 and possibly an auxiliary I/O device 1128. Such composed items may then be transmitted over a communication network through the communication subsystem 1111.

For voice communications, overall operation of UE 1100 is similar, except that received signals would preferably be output to a speaker 1134 and signals for transmission would be generated by a microphone 1136. Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on UE 1100. Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through the speaker 1134, display 1122 may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other voice call related information for example.

Serial port 1130 in FIG. 7 would normally be implemented in a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type mobile device for which synchronization with a user's desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable. Such a port 1130 would enable a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and would extend the capabilities of mobile device 1100 by providing for information or software downloads to UE 1100 other than through a wireless communication network. The alternate download path may for example be used to load an encryption key onto the device through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby enable secure device communication.

Alternatively, serial port 1130 could be used for other communications, and could include as a universal serial bus (USB) port. An interface is associated with serial port 1130.

Other communications subsystems 1140, such as a short-range communications subsystem, is a further optional component which may provide for communication between UE 1100 and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, the subsystem 1140 may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth™ communication module to provide for communication with similarly enabled systems and devices.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a communication system 800 which includes a UE 802 which communicates through a wireless communication network.

UE 802 communicates wirelessly with one of multiple Node Bs 806. Each Node B 806 is responsible for air interface processing and some radio resource management functions. Node B 806 provides functionality similar to a Base Transceiver Station in a GSM/GPRS networks.

The wireless link shown in communication system 800 of FIG. 8 represents one or more different channels, typically different radio frequency (RF) channels, and associated protocols used between the wireless network and UE 802. A Uu air interface 804 is used between UE 802 and Node B 806.

An RF channel is a limited resource that must be conserved, typically due to limits in overall bandwidth and a limited battery power of UE 802. Those skilled in art will appreciate that a wireless network in actual practice may include hundreds of cells depending upon desired overall expanse of network coverage. All pertinent components may be connected by multiple switches and routers (not shown), controlled by multiple network controllers.

Each Node B 806 communicates with a radio network controller (RNC) 810. The RNC 810 is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area. One RNC 810 control multiple Node Bs 806.

The RNC 810 in UMTS networks provides functions equivalent to the Base Station Controller (BSC) functions in GSM/GPRS networks. However, an RNC 810 includes more intelligence including, for example, autonomous handovers management without involving MSCs and SGSNs.

The interface used between Node B 806 and RNC 810 is an Iub interface 808. An NBAP (Node B application part) signaling protocol is primarily used, as defined in 3GPP TS 25.433 V3.11.0 (2002-09) and 3GPP TS 25.433 V5.7.0 (2004-01).

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 820 comprises the RNC 810, Node B 806 and the Uu air interface 804.

Circuit switched traffic is routed to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) 830. MSC 830 is the computer that places the calls, and takes and receives data from the subscriber or from PSTN (not shown).

Traffic between RNC 810 and MSC 830 uses the Iu-CS interface 828. Iu-CS interface 828 is the circuit-switched connection for carrying (typically) voice traffic and signaling between UTRAN 820 and the core voice network. The main signaling protocol used is RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part). The RANAP protocol is used in UMTS signaling between the Core Network 821, which can be a MSC 830 or SSGN 850 (defined in more detail below) and UTRAN 820. RANAP protocol is defined in 3GPP TS 25.413 V3.11.1 (2002-09) and TS 25.413 V5.7.0 (2004-01).

For all UEs 802 registered with a network operator, permanent data (such as UE 102 user's profile) as well as temporary data (such as UE's 802 current location) are stored in a home location registry (HLR) 838. In case of a voice call to UE 802, HLR 838 is queried to determine the current location of UE 802. A Visitor Location Register (VLR) 836 of MSC 830 is responsible for a group of location areas and stores the data of those mobile stations that are currently in its area of responsibility. This includes parts of the permanent mobile station data that have been transmitted from HLR 838 to the VLR 836 for faster access. However, the VLR 836 of MSC 830 may also assign and store local data, such as temporary identifications. UE 802 is also authenticated on system access by HLR 838.

Packet data is routed through Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 850. SGSN 850 is the gateway between the RNC and the core network in a GPRS/UMTS network and is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the UEs within its geographical service area. Iu-PS interface 848 is used between the RNC 810 and SGSN 850, and is the packet-switched connection for carrying (typically) data traffic and signaling between the UTRAN 820 and the core data network. The main signaling protocol used is RANAP (described above).

The SSGN 850 communicates with the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 860. GGSN 860 is the interface between the UMTS/GPRS network and other networks such as the Internet or private networks. GGSN 860 is connected to a public data network PDN 870 over a Gi interface.

Those skilled in art will appreciate that wireless network may be connected to other systems, possibly including other networks, not explicitly shown in FIG. 8. A network will normally be transmitting at very least some sort of paging and system information on an ongoing basis, even if there is no actual packet data exchanged. Although the network consists of many parts, these parts all work together to result in certain behaviours at the wireless link.

The embodiments described herein are examples of structures, systems or methods having elements corresponding to elements of the techniques of this application. This written description may enable those skilled in the art to make and use embodiments having alternative elements that likewise correspond to the elements of the techniques of this application. The intended scope of the techniques of this application thus includes other structures, systems or methods that do not differ from the techniques of this application as described herein, and further includes other structures, systems or methods with insubstantial differences from the techniques of this application as described herein. 

1. A method for processing signaling connection release indication between user equipment and a wireless network, comprising the steps of: a. monitoring, at the user equipment, whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; b. appending, at the user equipment, a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; c. sending the appended signaling connection release indication to which the cause is appended to the wireless network, thereby to indicate the release of a signaling connection and to identify the cause of the signaling connection release indication; d. receiving the signaling connection release indication at the wireless network; and e. examining said cause at the wireless network to determine whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cause is indicative of an abnormal condition.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cause is indicative of the expiry of a timer.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the timer is selected from the group consisting of an attachment failure timer, a routing area update timer and a GMM service request timer.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cause is a request by the user equipment to end a PS data session.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining step raises an alarm when said cause is indicative of an abnormal condition.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cause is indicative of a normal condition.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising raising an alarm at the wireless network if the signaling connection release indication is a result of an abnormal condition.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of appending is only performed if an abnormal condition exists.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of appending is performed only if a normal condition exists.
 11. A system adapted for processing signaling release indication cause, the system comprising: a. user equipment, the user equipment having a radio subsystem including a radio adapted to communicate with a network; a radio processor having a digital signal processor and adapted to interact with said radio subsystem; memory; a user interface; a processor adapted to run user applications and interact with the memory, the radio and the user interface and adapted to run applications, the user equipment characterized by having means for: i. monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; ii. appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and iii. sending the appended signaling connection release indication to which the cause is appended to the wireless network, thereby to indicate the release of a signaling connection and to identify the cause of the signaling connection release indication; and b. a wireless network adapted to communicate with the user equipment and further characterized by means for: i. receiving the signaling connection release indication; and ii. examining said cause to determine whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the cause is indicative of an abnormal condition.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the cause is indicative of the expiry of a timer.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the timer is selected from the group consisting of an attachment failure timer, a routing area update timer and a GMM service request timer.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the cause comprises a request by the user equipment to end a PS data session.
 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the means for examining is adapted to raise an alarm when said cause is indicative of an abnormal condition.
 17. The system of claim 11 further comprising an alarm generator for raising an alarm if the signaling connection release indication is a result of an abnormal condition.
 18. The system of claim 11 wherein the means for appending is adapted to append the cause only if an abnormal condition exists.
 19. The system of claim 11 wherein the means for appending is adapted to append the cause only if a normal condition exists.
 20. A method for processing signaling connection release at a user equipment, comprising the steps of: a. monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; b. appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and c. sending the appended signaling connection release indication to which the cause is appended, thereby to indicate the release of a signaling connection and to identify the cause of the signaling connection release indication.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the cause is indicative of an abnormal condition.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the cause is indicative of the expiry of a timer.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the timer is selected from the group consisting of an attachment failure timer, a routing area update timer and a GMM service request timer.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the cause is indicative of a request by the user equipment to end a PS-data session.
 25. The method of claim 20 wherein the cause is indicative of a normal condition.
 26. The method of claim 20 wherein the step of appending is only performed if an abnormal condition exists.
 27. The method of claim 20 wherein the step of appending is only performed if a normal condition exists.
 28. The method of claim 20, wherein monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network comprises receiving from an upper layer a request to release a signaling connection for a Core Network (CN) domain.
 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication is only performed if the CN domain is a Packet Switched (PS) domain.
 30. A user equipment adapted for providing signaling release indication cause in a network, the user equipment having a radio subsystem including a radio adapted to communicate with the network; a radio processor having a digital signal processor and adapted to interact with said radio subsystem; memory; a user interface; a processor adapted to run user applications and interact with the memory, the radio and the user interface and adapted to run applications, the user equipment characterized by having means for: a. monitoring whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent to the wireless network; b. appending a cause for the signaling connection release indication to the signaling connection release indication; and c. sending the appended signaling connection release indication that includes the cause, thereby to indicate the release of a signaling connection and to identify the cause of the signaling connection release indication.
 31. Apparatus for user equipment to facilitate release of signaling connection, said apparatus comprising: a. a checker configured to check whether a signaling connection release indication should be sent; and b. a signaling connection release indication sender configured to send a signaling connection release indication responsive to said check by said checker that the signaling connection release indication should be sent, the signaling connection release indication including a signaling connection release indication cause field that indicates an abnormal condition.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said checker is further configured to check whether, subsequent to sending of the signaling connection release indication and prior to confirmation of delivery of the signaling connection release indication, signaling connection of the user equipment is needed.
 33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein said signaling connection release indication sender is further configured to retransmit the signaling connection release indication.
 34. Network apparatus for operating upon a signaling connection release indication, said network apparatus comprising: a. an examiner configured to examine a signaling connection release indication cause field of the signaling connection release indication to check whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition; and b. an initiator configured to initiate a connection release.
 35. The network apparatus of claim 34 wherein the network apparatus includes logical layers, wherein said examiner is embodied at a first of the logical layers, said examiner further configured to request, to a second of the logical layers, the signaling connection release.
 36. A method for processing a signaling connection release in a wireless network, comprising the steps of: a. receiving from a user equipment a signaling connection release indication being indicative of a signaling connection to release and of a cause for the signaling connection release indication; b. causing the release of the signaling connection based on the signaling connection release indication received; and c. based on the signaling connection release indication cause received, causing a determination of whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition.
 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the receiving and causing steps are implemented in a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein causing the release of the signaling connection release indication received comprises requesting at the UTRAN the release of the signaling connection from an upper layer in the wireless network.
 39. The method of claim 37 wherein causing a determination of whether the signaling connection release indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal condition comprises forwarding at the UTRAN the signaling connection release indication cause received to an upper layer in the wireless network. 